S. -J. Lee et al., "Characteristic Analysis and Improved Design of IPMSM for Automotive Compressor Through Tapering of Rotor Surface," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 1-5, Sept. 2025, Art no. 8203105, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2025.3553482. keywords: {Rotors;Torque;Air gaps;Finite element analysis;Forging;Atmospheric modeling;Mathematical models;Electromagnetics;Torque measurement;Inductance;Efficiency map;incremental inductance;interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM);rotor tapering},